1 Bia : O-O. Content available from Jean-François Ponge: Les_caractristiques_du_bassin_des_australopithques_(A._robustus_A._africanus_et_A._afarensis)_sont-e.pdf, All content in this area was uploaded by Jean-François Ponge on Aug 18, 2014, Les_caractristiques_du_bassin_des_australopithques_(A._robustus_A._africanus_et_A._afarensis)_, All content in this area was uploaded by Jean-François Ponge. Même si cette configuration lui assurait des accouchements difficiles. The aim of this paper is to present results of a DU BASSIN DES AUSTRALOPITHEQUES (A. ROBUSTUS, A. AFRICANUS ET A. AFARENSIS) SONT-ELLES LIEES A UNE BIPEDIE DE TYPE HUMAIN ? key works in Eastern Africa have led to the discovery of major fossil hominid sites, especially in the Afar region in Ethiopia, pi mini sa : largeur minimum. Avec tous ces caractères Lucy accède alors au rang du plus vieille hominidé bipède. • droite A : ilion en tension des Hylobatidés et des Pongidés. perp. LUCY (Australopithecus afarensis) squelette complet à 40 %. L cr il : Sc-maximum sur O'X. Uniqueness and Diversity in Human Evolution: Morphometric Studies of Australopithecines. Patterns of covariation were explored regarding the complex three-dimensional biomechanics of the full pelvic-femoral complex. dt : diamètre maximum. Evolutionary and clinical implications, Comparison of the pelves of Sts 14 and AL288-1: Implications for birth and sexual dimorphism in australopithecines, French Contribution to the study of Human Origins: The case of Australopithecus afarensis, Significance of pollutant concentration distribution in the response of 'Red Kidney' beans to ozone, How did australopithecines walk? //--> / mini il : largeur minimum, pi il: largeur max perp. Deux bassins (STS 14, AL 288) et cinq os coxaux d'Australopithèques (SK 50, SK 3155. Australopithecus afarensis. On peut également trouver chez Australopithecus afarensis une obliquité des fémurs, ce qui signifie que l'angle entre le bassin et le fémur est plus petit que celui des grands singes. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Jean-François Ponge. Australopithecus afarensis est une espèce éteinte d'Hominidé bipède ayant vécu en Afrique entre environ 3,9 et 2,9 millions d'années BP.Les principaux fossiles d'Australopithecus afarensis ont été découverts en Afrique de l'Est, principalement en Éthiopie, au Kenya et en Tanzanie.. the acetabular region and the proximal femur. Floristic investigations are, Quelques effets de la toxine thermostable (T.T.) To better understand the nature of these variations, a review of the biomechanical literature was performed, and ontogenetic analyses were conducted. Todate the project is focused on a comparison between the two most famous 3-strategies models: the CSR (competitive, stress-tolerant, ruderal) Grime's model and the rKA (r-selection, K-selection, adversity-selection) Greenslade's model. This seems to indicate an evident change in locomotor behavior. robustus, plus spécialisé et éloigné du genre Homo (autre type de spécialisation bipède), l'autre est formé par A.afarensis + A. africanus, moins spécialisés et plus proches de l'origine humaine. (photo : talkorigin.org) En 1973, l'International Afar Research Expedition, dirigée par Y. Coppens, M. Taieb et B. Johanson, entreprend des fouilles à Hadar en Éthiopie. It appears My friend John Fleagle, editor of Evolutionary An- thropology, says I may introduce this paper with a history of that experi- ence. Discriminant analysis pointed out the major importance of the opposition cranium-masticatory apparatus, in the whole order and at all taxonomial levels, together with the high weight of basal width discriminating power for comparison of Primate skulls shape. Xt_i += '&hl='+Xt_h.getHours()+'x'+Xt_h.getMinutes()+'x'+Xt_h.getSeconds(); Next, variations in the three-dimensional orientations of the acetabulum and the femoral neck were quantified on a sample of modern humans. But despite this, • droite С : ilion en presssion de A. robustus. A comparison with the pelvic reconstructions of AL288-1 ("Lucy"; A. Analyse des correspondances de l'os coxal : plan des axes 1 et 2. then on modern bipedalism) and others focus on trains characterizing australopithecine sub-pattern (concluding then on non-modern However, this study suggests that research using a uniform concentration distribution of pollutants may underestimate the magnitude of growth and yield responses to ambient pollutants. de Bacillus thuringiensis ont été étudiés chez le doryphore, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, en s'inspirant des études semblables effectuées sur Lépidoptères. Some forces are shared by the two systems, making coherent the covariations quantified between the axes of the acetabulum and the femoral neck. Australopithecus afarensis possédait un bassin évasé (large et court) que ne possédait pas Australopithecus anamensis, caractéristique du bassin humain. Homo sapiens. • Méthodes de mesures : LB : longueur maximum. IB : largeur maximum. Progression apparently became exclusively terrestrial with the genusHomo. A biomechanical study of the hip and thigh of Australopithecus afarensis, Size- and locomotion-related aspects of hominid and anthropoid pelves: An osteometrical multivariate analysis, Size and shape of the australopithecine pelvic bone, The question of locomotor differences in Australopithecus, Locomotor features of the lower limb in hominids, Some locomotor features of the pelvic girdle in primates, The innominate bone of the Australopithecinae and the problem of erect posture, Studies on the evolution of the pelvis of man and other primates, A functional interpretation of the sacrum of Australopithecus africanus, Craniométrie des lémuriens: Analyses multivariables-phylogénie. bipedalism). this date we studied soil springtails (genus Willemia) and birds (family Fringillidae). Voir tous les commentaires et/ou en poster un (4), Voir tous les commentaires et/ou en poster un (4). the impact of the postcranial features on taxonomy and phylogeny. Il est vrais que Lucy a tout pour séduire ... un paléontologue. La voûte plantaire est peu prononcée. Quelques effets physiologioues de la toxine thermostable de Bacillus thuringiensis sur le doryphore... Posterior subcapsular cataracts in a patient with hemochromatosis. Les Australopithèques pratiquaient une bipédie originale différente de la nôtre. Celle-ci est aujourd’hui connue entre 4,2 à 3,9 Ma environ au Kenya et en Éthiopie (site d’Asa-Issie dans le Middle Awash). Jean-François PONGE (**) Résumé. Mesures du bassin (Cercopithecus) : • Points ostéologiques : PR : promontorium. à O'X. This joint ensures transmission of the forces between trunk and lower limbs. catch(e) {Xt_r = document.referrer; } : Theropithecus, Ce : Cercopithecus, Mi : Miopithecus, E : Erythrocebus, Pr : Presbytis, Py : Pygathrix, Na : Nasalis, Co : Colobus, Ну : Hylobates, Sy : Symphalangus, Po : Pongo, Go : Gorilla, Pa : Pan, H : Homo sapiens, Pyg : pygmée. Two types of multivariate analysis of cranial metrical data have been tried for the whole Primate Order (Hominoidea excluded). Des manuels, des livres photographiques et des "beaux livres" sur la préhistoire, mais pas de livres traitant complètement et sérieusement du sujet. l sa : SC-SC. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. au début du dernier stade larvaire cause, selon la dose absorbée, la mort soit au milieu de l'intermue, soit aux stades suivants; en cas de survivance la durée de la prénymphose peut être doublée, aboutissant également à la mort ou produisant des nymphes et des adultes tératologiques viables. La fréquence des différents effets tératologiques est établie sur 96 individus. Ma : Macaca, Cy : Cynopithecus, Ce : Cercocebus, Pp : Papio, Md : Mandrillus, Th. A re-examination of sexual characteristics together with an analysis of the birth mechanism led to the conclusion that the morphologically different birth canals of Sts 14 and AL288-1 could be interpreted as reflecting sexual dimorphism in small-bodied gracile australopithecines. that australopithecines exhibit the same overall architectural pattern as extant humans, the hominid pattern, just as all {Xt_s=screen;Xt_i+='&r='+Xt_s.width+'x'+Xt_s.height+'x'+Xt_s.pixelDepth+'x'+Xt_s.colorDepth;} 3ème stade larvaire, les larves cessent de s'alimenter au milieu de l'intermue et meurent progressivement. Last autumn marked the 25th anni- versary of the discovery of "Lucy." The other major impact was to show Mesure d'audience ROI statistique webanalytics par, créée le : 11-11-2012 Les deux fossiles ont été retrouvés à un mètre l'un de l'autre et semblent être décédés en même temps. Various research scientists collaborate to the project, either to analyse the data or interpret the results to the light of their own knowledge. Xt_i += 'src="http://logv4.xiti.com/hit.xiti? Psychiatric journal of the University of Ottawa: Revue de psychiatrie de l'Université d'Ottawa. О : centre de l'acétabulum. Our work hypothesis is that both models describe the same three adaptive trait syndromes, relative to instable, stable with at least a stress factor, and stable without any stress factor, respectively, with Grime's R or Greenslade's r as ancestral syndrome, Grime's S and Greenslade's A on one side, and Grime's C and Greenslade's K on the other sde as two derived syndromes. Pour étudier un pied presque complet il faudra attendre 1994 et la découverte à Sterkfontein (Afrique du Sud) de "Littlefoot" un Australopithecus africanus. Only the reconstruction of the gluteal musculature on the basis of the pongid pattern is consistent with the bony, structure of the fossil and would have permitted effective movements of bipedalism. performed by Corinne Sarthou. Their if(parseFloat(navigator.appVersion)>=4) Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, Functional integrative analysis of the human hip joint: The three-dimensional orientation of the acetabulum and its relation with the orientation of the femoral neck, Climbing To the Top: A Personal Memoir of Australopithecus afarensis, Climbing to the top: A personal memoir of Australopithecus afarensis, Three-dimensional analysis of the pelvi-femoral complex: Its mechanism and development. The pelvis of Sts 14 (Australopithecus africanus) was reconstructed through mirror-image moulding. Il a vécu entre 4,2 et 3,9 millions d’années (Ma). Les résultats obtenus sur le doryphore sont discutés par rapport à ceux obtenus sur lépidoptères. Elle est représentée par des parties de mâchoires (avec des dents), des os des membres et un fragment d’os temporal. L'équipe L'équipe dirigée par Sileshi Semaw (Gona Projet) a publié dans la revue Science du 14 novembre 2008 les résultats de ses études, la reconstitution des ossements et la comparaison avec d'autres espèces : Australopithecus afarensis et Homo sapiens. We suggest that this poor concordance in a bipedal posture may partly be due to the phylogenetic history of the human hip joint. Cataracts, especially the posterior subcapsular type, are known to occur in certain metabolic states and after exposure to certain physical agents. Xt_h = new Date(); The study of the three-dimensional biomechanics of this joint has important implications for documenting the morphological changes associated with the acquisition of a habitual bipedal gait in humans. Locomotory interpretations depend on the fact that some studies emphasize traits related to the hominid pattern (concluding The recovery of several specimens allows to have a good knowledge of australopithecine pelvic bone anatomy. Ils n'avaient pourtant pas perdu la capacité de grimper dans les arbres ce qui devaient constituer un sérieux avantage pour échapper à leur prédateurs. Application of principal component analysis using the Chi-square metric (“Analyse factorielle des correspondances”) to the study of cranial characters in Primates, Tolerance is ancestral in various groups of organisms, Floristic patterns on tropical inselbergs, Flora and vegetation of the tropical inselbergs, The deficit of thought in senile dementia Alzheimer's type. Un pourcentage des individus survivants présente des caractères tératologiques spécifiques, au stade nymphal et adulte. (photo : talkorigin.org). African apes also exhibit the same pongid pattern. However, each system is also governed by independent forces resulting in a low concordance of these same axes in a bipedal posture. ue ventrale du bassin des Australopithèques a : Sterkfontein, b : Afar. The comparison will bsed on an animal group (the genus Carabus) and a plant group (still to be selected). Remarquez la largeur du bassin et le fémur dirigé vers l'intérieur. Haute d'à peine 1,10 m, son bassin est large, plus large que dans le cas de l'espèce humaine ; ses fémurs sont dirigés vers l'intérieur et le tibia est évasé au niveau de l'articulation du genou. corresponding to both generaAustralopithecus andHomo. This hypothesis was derived from results of a previous work on fringillid birds (true finches). Le squelette d'une femelle d'Australopithecus afarensis est mis à jour. Xt_i = ' Il n'est jamais superflu de préciser que plus la science résout, plus les interrogations jaillissent; mais il serait inutile de le dire à chaque article scientifique, traitant ou non du passé humain. Some biomechanical characteristics of the pelvis and lower limb of Australopithecus afarensis (AL, 288-1) are compared with those of modern humans, in an attempt to define the pattern of australopithecine bipedal locomotion. Les Australopithèques forment un groupe de Bipèdes avec le genre Homo (H. sapiens + H. erectus) qui s'oppose au groupe des Brachiateurs (Pongidés et Hylobatidés). try {Xt_r = top.document.referrer;} red kidney) exposed to ozone with a simulated ambient concentration distribution showed significantly more injury, less growth, and lower yield than those exposed to an equivalent dose of ozone with a uniform concentration distribution. SC : scalénion (point de tangence de O'X au bord ventral de la surface auriculaire). The hip bone of humans is proportionnally short and robust, most particularly at the level of its axial part. ?afarensis) of Lovejoy (1979), Schmid (1983) and a preliminary reconstruction by the first author revealed marked differences between Sts 14 and AL 288-1 which are unlikely to be explained by different methods of reconstruction. But, in this pattern, it is possible to clearly depict two subpatterns Both the level of concordance between the three-dimensional axes of the acetabulum and the femoral neck in a bipedal posture, and patterns of covariation between these two axes were analysed. En 1995, tout le matériel fut attribué à une nouvelle espèce, Australopithecus anamensis (signifiant « australopithèque du lac »). TU : tubérion (centre de la tubérosité sur O'Y). The analysis reconstructs the placements of the australopithecine gluteal musculature, in the pattern of African pongids and of Homo . Avec son bassin aussi large que celui d’une femme adulte pour la taille d’une enfant de 4 ans, Lucy a été d’emblée rangée parmi les femelles. On a sample of 57 individuals, significant patterns of covariation were identified, however, the level of concordance between the axes of both the acetabulum and the femoral neck in a bipedal posture was lower than could be expected for a key joint such as the hip. To, Studying vegetation in inselbergs of varying size and surrounding forest matrix, located in various parts of French Guiana (South America), either isolated or grouped. with modern populations of wild primates, these groups are assigned to different taxa. Outre le pied les Autralopithèques possédaient d'autres caractèristiques d'une adaptation à la vie arboricole comme par exemple une articulation de l'épaule permettant des mouvements trés amples des bras au dessus de la tête ou la forme incurvée des phalanges de la main et du pied. D'autres caractères sont intermédiaires entre ce que l'on observe chez un bipède (l'Homme) et un arboricole (le Chimpanzé) : le membre supérieur est plus long que chez l'Homme sans pour cela dépasser la taille du membre inférieur comme chez le Chimpanzé. In the literature, human synapomorphies that could be functionally involved in bipedal gait and posture have been identified, including morphological traits of the hip (e.g., Zihlman and Hunter, 1972;Lovejoy et al., 1973;McHenry, 1975; ... Rose,30 who made many of the same observations on the Hadar feet and hands that we did, showed no such reluctance, nor did Schmid, 31 claim that Lucy's lower limb was shorter than expected for a diminutive human-like biped, drew a picture of A. afarensis as an efficient terrestrial biped that also made extensive use of arboreal resources. ikki -> Internet est ma source principale, je n'ai lu aucun livre d'anthropologie. Two multivariate methods — the logarithmic principal component analysis (LPCA), and the logarithmic factorial analysis (LFA) — have been used tocompare the hip bone proportions of hominoids biometrically. Analyse des correspondances du bassin : plan des axes 2 et 3. ue ventro-médiale des os coxaux : a : Sterkfontein (STS 14), b : Makapansgat (MLD 7), с : Afar (Al 288), d : Swartkrans (SK 50), e : Homo sapiens, f : Pan. Sous le crâne, le trou occipital occupe aussi une position intermédiaire entre ce que l'on observe chez l'Homme et chez le Chimpanzé. In humans, the hip joint occupies a central place in the locomotor system, as it plays an important role in body support and the transmission of the forces between the trunk and lower limbs. En 1973, l'International Afar Research Expedition, dirigée par Y. Coppens, M. Taieb et B. Johanson, entreprend des fouilles à Hadar en Éthiopie. The pelvic morphology of great apes (Pongo, Pan, Gorilla) has retained numerous morphological traits — such as a gracile and elongated hip bone —, which were inherited from common adaptations to arboreal locomotion. Les empreintes découvertes à Laetoli attestent qu'ils se déplaçaient en position dressée avec efficacité sur plusieurs dizaines de mètres. (1) The extended lower limb of australopithecines would have lacked stabilization during walking; and (2) the lower limb would have shown a greater freedom for motion, which can be interpreted as the retention of a partly arboreal behavior. pi mini il : largeur minimum, pi sa : largeur max. L'articulation entre le tibia et le pied et celle d'un bipède mais le premier métatarsien s'écarte des autres et il est mobile comme chez le gorille ou le chimpanzé chez qui cette particularité anatomique facilite le grimper. Aux dosages plus faibles, les larves atteignent la prochaine mue et meurent soit au moment de la mue, soit après celle-ci. 26 references, 1 figure, 3 tables. Remarquez la largeur du bassin et le fémur dirigé vers l'intérieur. While that certainly was a momentous event in paleoanthropology, it had no less profound an effect on my aca- demic life, for it presaged my eventual seduction into the arena of hominid fossil interpretation. Aux doses relativement élevées, absorbées au début du. In response to the new biomechanical constraints imposed by the erect posture, the skeleton of our ancestors was adaptively modified over the course of evolution, optimizing the functional performances of the locomotor system. The concentration distribution did not alter the type of biological response of red kidney beans to ozone, an indication that uniform concentration distribution fumigations are appropriate for investigations of mode of action of pollutants on plants. • droite В : ilion en pression de Homo, A. africanus et A. afarensis. Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. First, inter-individual variations were quantified and significant differences in the three-dimensional orientations of both the acetabulum and the femoral neck were detected. An integrative analysis revealed complex relationships between the biomechanical systems governing the three-dimensional orientations of the acetabulum and the femoral neck. Voir une vidéo These characteristics, as well as the whole pelvic proportions, clearly indicate that gravitational forces exert a strong pressure on the pelvic walls during bipedalism. Le squelette d'une femelle d' Australopithecus afarensis est mis à jour. An important methodological study was conducted in order to propose accurate methods to determine the three-dimensional axes of the two neighbouring components of the human hip joint, i.e. Functional integration at any joint has important implications in joint stability and performance. L'ingestion de la T.T. Australopithecus africanus possède 6 vertèbres lombaires au lieu de 5 chez l'homme mais leur courbure est de type humain. Le nom du genre Australopithecus signifie « singe du sud ». The reconstruction of the pelvic and femoral morphology of AL 288-1 (Schmid, 1983) is used as a basic skeletal frame to infer (1) the loading constraints acting on the supporting hip; and (2) the action of some of the main muscles of the lower limb. The aim of the study was to evaluate the functional integration at the human hip joint. In spite of these common traits, the African pongids (Pan, Gorilla) present two very different pelvic morphologies corresponding to two adaptative modes of terrestrial quadrupedalism. Bipedalism results in strong constraints on the human hip joint. Principal component analysis using the Chi-square metric for 16 parameters resulted in good differentiation of subgroups, often down to generic level.